典型高温年分期播种冬小麦生育及产量性状差异性分析

在2016/2017年度自然高温年景下进行冬小麦分期播种实验,以适期晚播以来冬小麦多年平均播期（10月10日）为对照,设早播10d（E10）、迟播10d（L10）、迟播20d（L20）处理。通过方差分析、卡方检验、最小显著性差异和Logistic方程模拟等方法,对分期播种冬小麦发育期、生长量及产量因素等进行差异性分析,探究冬小麦在全球气候变暖背景下的适播期及其生长发育和产量性状变化规律。结果表明：不同播期处理的冬小麦冬前各发育期差异较大,越冬后随着气温升高,各播期冬小麦发育进程趋于一致;随着播期推迟,冬前积温递减趋势明显,冬小麦株高、绿叶面积和植株密度等生长要素均呈明显降低或减小趋势,冬小麦结实小穗数和不孕小穗数亦呈极显著减少趋势,各播期穗粒数则差异不显著;不同播期冬小麦千粒重差异极显著,其中早播10d处理极显著低于对照,迟播冬小麦处理与对照差异不显著;对照处理冬小麦产量最高;不同播期处理冬小麦灌浆过程均符合Logistic生长规律,对照籽粒渐增期持续时间长于其它处理,利于冬小麦增加籽粒“库容”,籽粒快增期灌浆速率快,利于提高粒重;随着播期的推迟,灌浆速率和持续时间的变化无明显规律,对照处理冬小麦灌浆过程相对稳定。     

基于时间序列分析并预测三峡库区局地环境温度的变化

利用湖北秭归三峡库首典型区的气象监测资料,采用时间序列分析和自回归积分滑动平均模型（ARIAM）方法,对三峡库区2001-2015年局地环境温度变化进行趋势和预测分析,以探讨三峡工程蓄水对库区局地气候环境变化的影响。结果表明,研究区域局地气温和地温的时间序列为季节性非平稳时间序列,年际月平均气温峰值在7月（29.0℃）,低谷在1月（6.0℃）;研究期内局地平均气温在2003年降至17.8℃,2007年稳定升至18.3℃;2011年持续降至的17.1℃,之后稳定升至2013年的17.9℃。平均地温在2005年升至21.2℃,2008年持续降至19.4℃,后期在2013年稳定升至20.1℃。分析结果显示,在2003年蓄水前后三峡库首典型区局地环境温度呈现一定程度年际波动,但不存在显著单一的变化趋势,说明在研究期15a内三峡工程蓄水对研究区域的局地环境温度未产生显著影响。用ARIMA模型获得了气温和地温的最佳预测模型,2015年预测值与监测值的符合程度良好,可进一步利用该地区长期监测数据对模型进行优化和应用。     

玛纳斯河流域植被覆盖度随地形因子的变化特征

基于2000-2016年MODIS NDVI数据,利用像元二分模型和ArcGIS空间分析功能对玛纳斯河流域植被覆盖度分布格局及动态变化特征进行研究,并分析植被覆盖度变化在高程、坡度和坡向上的空间分布差异。结果表明：（1）玛纳斯河流域以低等级植被覆盖为主,高等级植被覆盖面积显著增加,其它各等级面积波动较小,研究期内植被覆盖改善的面积比例（31.17%）远大于退化的面积比例（16.1%）,研究区总体植被覆盖度增加,生态环境有所好转。（2）在海拔<800m,坡度<8°区域内,植被覆盖度明显改善,植被显著退化区主要分布在海拔1300-3400m,坡度>25°区域内,植被覆盖度未发生变化的区域主要集中在海拔>3600m范围内。（3）当海拔>2100m时,植被覆盖度随海拔增加呈现持续减少的趋势,海拔低于2100m的地带,植被覆盖度随海拔增加波动较大。（4）随着坡度的增加,植被覆盖度呈逐渐减小的趋势,全流域0?5°坡度范围内植被覆盖度最大（42.69%）。（5）在各坡向上,植被覆盖度差异不明显。流域内平地上的植被覆盖度最大（44.21%）;阴坡的植被覆盖度优于阳坡,植被变化趋势除在平地区域较显著外,其余坡向间差异不大。     

蠡玉16玉米受旱减产规律及产量与水关系模型研究

以淮北平原地区常用玉米品种蠡玉16为试验材料,采用测坑法进行作物的受旱试验,研究主要农作物不同受旱条件下的减产规律,构建产量与水关系模型。结果表明,蠡玉16玉米关键期受旱对其产量的影响十分显著,轻旱、中旱、重旱的减产率分别为4.3%、36.8%、51.1%,且随着受旱程度的增大减产率剧增;蠡玉16玉米在抽雄灌浆期对水分亏缺最为敏感,敏感指数达0.925 1;其次是拔节期、分蘖期和乳熟期,敏感指数分别为0.126 2、0.066 2和0.003 2。水分亏缺对蠡玉16玉米产量影响最大阶段为抽雄灌浆期,同时也是需水强度最大期。     

Cardinal temperatures variability within a tropical japonica rice diversity panel

Air temperature is one of the most critical climatic factors controlling rice growth, development, and production in current and future climatic scenarii predicting increasingly frequent situations of extreme and/or fluctuating temperatures. With its large spectrum of geographical origins and cropping areas, one can credit tropical japonica rice subspecies of a probable genetic diversity of its response to air temperature, which is of major interest for the breeding of better adapted rice varieties. A panel of 195 rice accessions (175 japonica plus 20 reference cultivars) was studied in controlled environment to estimate cardinal (base, optimum, and maximum) temperatures based on the monitoring of the elongation rate (LERmax) of the sixth leaf on the main stem in response to six fixed thermal treatments ranging from 16 to 35 °C. A dedicated statistical framework was elaborated for estimating LERmax, cardinal temperature and related uncertainties. Developed statistical framework enhanced the precision of cardinal temperatures estimated compared to previously reported methods, especially for base temperature. Maximum temperature was trickier to estimate and will require further studies. A significant genotypic variability for base and optimal temperature was pointed out, suggesting tropical japonica subspecies represents a relevant genetic pool to breed for rice genotypes adapted to various thermal situations. These results also suggested that using genotype-dependent cardinal temperature values should enhance the way crop growth models account for genotype?×?environment interactions hence their predictive value in current and future climatic conditions.     

Adoption of improved crop varieties by involving farmers in the e-wallet program in Nigeria

The amount of improved seed used in Nigeria is extremely low. Overall, only 5–10% of cultivated land is planted with improved seeds, and about 10% of rural farmers use improved varieties. The objective of this investigation was to identify determinants of adoption of improved seed by farmers not participating in and those participating in the federal government’s e-wallet program in Nigeria. We determined the impact of the e-wallet program on adoption of improved seed in rural areas. A total of 1200 rural farmers were sampled across six geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Results from the use of a bivariate probit model indicated that the e-wallet program continued to become increasingly popular among rural farmers; and that farmers’ literacy, ownership of a mobile phone, value output, mobile network coverage, power for charging phone batteries and contact with extension agents were the positive determinants of farmer participation in the e-wallet program. Cultural obstacles to married women, growers’ age, and increased distance to registration and input collection centers reduced farmers’ tendency to participate in the e-wallet program. The results also showed that rural farmers depended on the e-wallet program for increased use and adoption of improved seed in Nigeria, to boost food security in sub-Saharan Africa. The results suggested the need for an improved e-wallet model by lessening constraints mostly associated with rural information and communication infrastructure, and distance to the registration and input collection centers.     

甘蓝型油菜茎秆强度性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

为辅助抗倒伏育种,了解甘蓝型油菜茎秆强度的遗传调控,利用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传分离分析方法,对M417 × Brongoro（MB）组合和浙油18 × Brongoro（ZB）组合六个世代（P1、P2、F1、B1:2、B2:2和F2:3）的茎秆强度性状进行遗传分析。结果显示：甘蓝型油菜茎秆强度性状的最佳遗传模型为MX2-ADI-ADI,即2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型,表明该性状受2对主基因和微效多基因共同控制,以主基因遗传为主,MB组合和ZB组合的平均主基因遗传率分别为19.46%和69.93%。2对主基因的加性效应和显性效应在MB组合中作用方向相反,而在ZB组合中作用方向相同,同时还存在多种上位性效应。两个组合中环境变异占表型变异的54.68%和13.23%,说明环境对茎秆强度性状具有较大影响。     

Genetic parameters for resistance against Flavobacterium columnare in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Columnaris disease is a major cause of mortality in tilapia hatcheries and commonly occurs during the summer season in Thailand. One way of reducing the problem is by selective breeding for increased disease resistance. The objective of this study was to estimate quantitative genetic parameters for resistance against columnaris in the Chitralada 4 strain of Nile tilapia. Data from 43 full‐sib families (2,580 records) of fry (age = 32 ± 4 days post‐hatch) were used in the analyses. Initially, fry were subjected to bath challenge with Flavobacterium columnare (LD₅₀ concentration = 1.2 × 10⁶ CFU/ml) for 14 days. Disease resistance was defined as the number of days from challenge until death (DD) or as a binary trait (dead/alive) on day 14. Linear animal and sire‐dam models were used for DD, while threshold animal, threshold sire‐dam, binary linear animal and binary linear sire‐dam models were used for binary outcomes. Covariate effect of age, fixed effect of challenge day and random effects of the individual animals or sires and dams were included in the models. Mean survival was 32.4 ± 11.6%, and survival rates of the best and poorest families were 70% and 8%, respectively. The highest estimate of heritability (0.30 ± 0.025) was obtained under the threshold sire‐dam model. Heritability estimates for DD (0.16 ± 0.034 and 0.17 ± 0.046) were comparable to those obtained from the threshold animal (0.15 ± 0.031) and the binary linear (0.14 ± 0.045 and 0.15 ± 0.044) models. The linear animal and sire‐dam models for DD and the threshold sire‐dam models performed equally with similar values of r_EBV (0.629, 0.628 and 0.627) and accuracy of selection (0.793, 0.793 and 0.791). This study reveals the potential of selective breeding to increase disease resistance to F. columnare in the studied population of Nile tilapia.     

Development of a continuous cell line from larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and its use in the study of the microsporidian,Loma morhua

In vitro cell culture methods are crucial for the isolation, purification and mass propagation of intracellular pathogens of aquatic organisms. Cell culture infection models can yield insights into infection mechanisms, aid in developing methods for disease mitigation and prevention, and inform commercial‐scale cultivation approaches. This study details the establishment of a larval cell line (GML‐5) from the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and its use in the study of microsporidia. GML‐5 has survived over 100 passages in 8 years of culture. The line remains active and viable between 8 and 21°C in Leibovitz‐15 (L‐15) media with 10% foetal bovine serum and exhibits a myofibroblast phenotype as indicated by immuno‐positive results for vimentin, α‐smooth muscle actin, collagen I and S‐100 proteins, while being desmin‐negative. GML‐5 supports the infection and development of two microsporidian parasites, an opportunistic generalist (Anncaliia algerae) and cod‐specific Loma morhua. Using GML‐5, spore germination and proliferation of L. morhua was found to require exposure to basic pH and cool incubation temperatures (8°C), in contrast to A. algerae, which required no cultural modifications. Loma morhua‐associated xenoma‐like structures were observed 2 weeks postexposure. This in vitro infection model may serve as a valuable tool for cod parasitology and aquaculture research.     

Spawning site fidelity and apparent annual survival of walleye (Sander vitreus) differ between a Lake Huron and Lake Erie tributary

Fidelity to spawning habitats can maximise reproductive success of fish by synchronising movements to sites of previous recruitment. To determine the role of reproductive fidelity in structuring walleye Sander vitreus populations in the Laurentian Great Lakes, we used acoustic telemetry combined with Cormack–Jolly–Seber capture–recapture models to estimate spawning site fidelity and apparent annual survival for the Tittabawassee River in Lake Huron and Maumee River in Lake Erie. Walleye in spawning condition were tagged from the Tittabawassee River in Lake Huron and Maumee River in Lake Erie in 2011–2012. Site fidelity and apparent annual survival were estimated from return of individuals to the stream where tagged. Site fidelity estimates were higher in the Tittabawassee River (95%) than the Maumee River (70%) and were not related to sex or fish length at tagging. Apparent annual survival of walleye tagged in the Tittabawassee did not differ among spawning seasons but was higher for female than male walleye and decreased linearly as fish length increased. Apparent annual survival of walleye tagged in the Maumee River did not differ among spawning seasons but was higher for female walleye than male walleye and increased linearly as fish length increased. Greater fidelity of walleye tagged in the Tittabawassee River than walleye tagged in the Maumee River may be related to the close proximity to the Maumee River of other spawning aggregations and multiple spawning sites in Lake Erie. As spawning site fidelity increases, management actions to conserve population structure require an increasing focus on individual stocks.